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平衡機的概述
當前位置:資訊中心 >> 平衡機的概述

平衡機是測量旋(xuan)轉物體(轉子)不(bu)平衡量大小和位置的機器

任何(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)在圍繞(rao)其軸(zhou)線旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)時(shi),由于(yu)相對于(yu)軸(zhou)線的質量(liang)分布不均勻(yun)而產生離心力。這(zhe)種不平衡離心力作用(yong)在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)軸(zhou)承上會引起振動,產生噪聲和(he)加速軸(zhou)承磨損,以致嚴重影響(xiang)產品的性能(neng)和(he)壽命。電(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)、機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)主(zhu)軸(zhou)、內(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)曲軸(zhou)、汽輪機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)、陀(tuo)螺轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)和(he)鐘表(biao)擺輪等旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)零部件在制造(zao)過程中,都需要經過平衡才(cai)能(neng)平穩正常地(di)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan) 。

根據(ju)平(ping)衡機(ji)測出的數據(ju)對轉子(zi)的不平(ping)衡量進行校正,可改善(shan)轉子(zi)相(xiang)對于軸(zhou)線(xian)的質量分(fen)布,使轉子(zi)旋轉時產生(sheng)的振動或作用(yong)于軸(zhou)承上的振動力減(jian)少到允許的范(fan)圍之內。因此,平(ping)衡機(ji)是減(jian)小振動、改善(shan)性能和(he)提(ti)高(gao)質量的必不可少的設備。

通常(chang),轉子的平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)包括不平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)量的測(ce)量和校正(zheng)兩個步驟,平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于不平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)量的測(ce)量,而不平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)量的校正(zheng)則往往借(jie)助于鉆床、銑床和點焊(han)機等其他輔(fu)助設備,或用(yong)手工(gong)方法完成(cheng)。有些平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機已將校正(zheng)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)做成(cheng)為平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機的一個部分。

重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力(li)式平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)機(ji)和離心力(li)式平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)機(ji)是兩類典型的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)機(ji)。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力(li)式平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)機(ji)一般稱為靜(jing)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)機(ji)。它是依賴(lai)轉(zhuan)子自身的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力(li)作用來測(ce)量靜(jing)不平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)。置于兩根(gen)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)導軌(gui)上的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子如有(you)不平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)量,則它對軸線(xian)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力(li)矩使轉(zhuan)子在導軌(gui)上滾動(dong),直至這(zhe)個(ge)不平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)量處于更低位置時才靜(jing)止(zhi)。

被平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)轉子放(fang)在(zai)用靜承(cheng)支承(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)支座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang),在(zai)支座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)下面嵌裝一片反射(she)(she)(she)鏡。當轉子不存在(zai)不平(ping)衡(heng)量時(shi),由光(guang)(guang)(guang)源射(she)(she)(she)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)束經此反射(she)(she)(she)鏡反射(she)(she)(she)后,投(tou)(tou)射(she)(she)(she)在(zai)不平(ping)衡(heng)量指示(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)更坐(zuo)標原點(dian)(dian)。如果轉子存在(zai)不平(ping)衡(heng)量,則(ze)轉子支座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)不平(ping)衡(heng)量的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)力矩作(zuo)用下發生傾斜,支座(zuo)(zuo)下的(de)(de)(de)反射(she)(she)(she)鏡也隨之傾斜并使反射(she)(she)(she)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)束偏(pian)轉,這樣光(guang)(guang)(guang)束投(tou)(tou)在(zai)更坐(zuo)標指示(shi)(shi)器(qi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)便離開原點(dian)(dian)。根據這個光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)偏(pian)轉的(de)(de)(de)坐(zuo)標位(wei)置(zhi),可以得到不平(ping)衡(heng)量的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小和位(wei)置(zhi)。

重力(li)式(shi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji)僅適用(yong)于(yu)某些平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)要(yao)求不(bu)(bu)(bu)高的盤(pan)狀零件。對于(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)要(yao)求高的轉子,一(yi)般采用(yong)離心(xin)式(shi)單(dan)面(mian)或(huo)雙(shuang)面(mian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji) 離心(xin)式(shi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)在(zai)轉子旋轉的狀態(tai)下,根據轉子不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)引起的支(zhi)承(cheng)振動(dong),或(huo)作用(yong)于(yu)支(zhi)承(cheng)的振動(dong)力(li)來測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)。其按校正平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)數量(liang)的不(bu)(bu)(bu)同,可分為單(dan)面(mian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji)和雙(shuang)面(mian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)面(mian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji)只能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)一(yi)個(ge)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)上的不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(靜不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)),它雖(sui)然是(shi)在(zai)轉子旋轉時進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang),但仍屬(shu)于(yu)靜平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji)。雙(shuang)面(mian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)動(dong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),也能(neng)(neng)分別測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)靜不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)和偶不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),一(yi)般稱為動(dong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)(ji)。

離心力式平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)按支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)特性不(bu)同,又可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)軟支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)和硬支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)高(gao)于轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)一支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)系(xi)統(tong)固(gu)有頻率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)為(wei)軟支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)。這(zhe)種平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)剛度小,傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)檢(jian)測(ce)出的(de)(de)(de)信號與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動位移成(cheng)正比(bi)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)低於轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)一支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)系(xi)統(tong)固(gu)有頻率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)為(wei)硬支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji),這(zhe)種平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)剛度大,傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)檢(jian)測(ce)出的(de)(de)(de)信號與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動力成(cheng)正比(bi)。

平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機的主要性(xing)能(neng)(neng)用(yong)更小(xiao)(xiao)可達(da)剩余(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang),和(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)減少(shao)率(lv)兩項綜合(he)指標(biao)表(biao)示。前者是平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機能(neng)(neng)使轉(zhuan)子達(da)到的剩余(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)的更小(xiao)(xiao)值,它(ta)是衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)機更高平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的指標(biao);后者是經過一次校(xiao)正后所(suo)減少(shao)的不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)與初始不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)之比,它(ta)是衡(heng)(heng)(heng)量(liang)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)效率(lv)的指標(biao),一般用(yong)百分數表(biao)示。

在現代機(ji)(ji)械中,由于(yu)撓(nao)性(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)廣(guang)泛應用,人(ren)們研制(zhi)出(chu)了撓(nao)性(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)平衡機(ji)(ji)。這(zhe)類平衡機(ji)(ji)必(bi)須在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)工(gong)作(zuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)范(fan)圍內(nei)進(jin)行無(wu)級調速(su);除能測(ce)量支承的(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動或振(zhen)(zhen)動力(li)外,還(huan)能測(ce)量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)撓(nao)曲變(bian)形。撓(nao)性(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)平衡機(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)時安(an)裝在真(zhen)空防(fang)護室內(nei),以(yi)適合汽輪機(ji)(ji)之類轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)平衡,它配備有(you)(you)抽(chou)真(zhen)空系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、潤滑(hua)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、潤滑(hua)油除氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和數據(ju)處理用計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等(deng)龐大的(de)輔助(zhu)設(she)備。

根據大批量生(sheng)產的需要,對(dui)特(te)定的轉子能(neng)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)完(wan)成平(ping)衡測量和平(ping)衡校正的自(zi)動(dong)(dong)平(ping)衡機(ji),以及平(ping)衡自(zi)動(dong)(dong)線,現代已大量的裝備在汽車制(zhi)造、電(dian)機(ji)制(zhi)造等工(gong)業部門。